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Brazil adopts a mixed system of public and private funded universities. Public universities can be federally funded or financed by State governments (such as USP, Unicamp and Unesp in the State of São Paulo). Private schools can be for-profit or (in the case of Catholic universities), not-for-profit. ==History== In some of the Spanish colonies in the Americas, institutions of higher learning denominated universities were established as early as the 17th century. Nevertheless, with respect to the level of education, such institutions were similar to the most important Jesuit colleges in Portuguese colonial Brazil, particularly those located in the cities of Salvador and Rio de Janeiro, which likewise offered liberal arts courses in Latin, Greek, philosophy and theology. Upon graduating, students had the option of either becoming priests or continuing their studies in Europe, usually at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1759, other religious orders such as the Benedictines and Carmelites were charged with education in Brazil, alongside "aulas-régias" funded by the Portuguese Crown. In 1792, the ''Escola Politécnica'' was founded in Rio de Janeiro. Following the arrival of D. João VI and the royal court, other schools of higher learning, although not formally called "universities," were founded in Brazil, including those specialized in civil and military engineering such as the ''Academia Real de Marinha'' (1808) and ''Academia Real Militar'' (1810). Two medical faculties were also established, the ''Academia Médico-Cirúrgica'' in Salvador (1808) and the ''Academia Médico-Cirúrgica'' in Rio de Janeiro (1809). In addition, other technical courses in the fields of botany, chemistry, geology, mineralogy, and economy were created. Shortly after independence from Portugal, under the reign of D. Pedro I, faculties of law were founded in São Paulo (1827) and Olinda (1827). Many of those institutions served as nuclei that subsequently developed into modern Brazilian universities, i.e., the Federal University of Bahia, the Federal University of Pernambuco, the Federal University of Ouro Preto, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and University of São Paulo. Higher Education institutions expanded throughout the twentieth century in Brazil. However, many of the students who had access to Higher Education came from wealthier backgrounds. An important development that affected Brazil’s Higher Education landscape transpired after the collapse of the twenty one year Brazilian military government (1964 – 1985) and the re-democratization of the country.〔http://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/Global_Dialogue/Book_1/BK1-C03-br-Souza-en.htm〕 As part of Brazil’s negotiated transition from authoritarianism to democracy, a new Constitution of Brazil emerged in 1988. It came to be known as the “Citizen Constitution” (Constituição Cidadã), promoting the right to work, the right to a decent wage, the right to social security, and the right to education.〔Rizzini, I. 2011. The Promise of Citizenship for Brazilian Children: What Has Changed? ANNALS, AAPSS, 633, 66-79.〕 Furthermore, the new Constitution of Brazil, allowed public funds to be allocated to private, community, religious, or philanthropic schools for their support on meeting the rights to education.〔Ranieri, N. B. 2010. States and the Right to Education in the 1988 Constitution: Comments on Federal Supreme Court Jurisprudence. Projeto Direito Educação Inglês, 37-56.〕 This constitutional doctrine was an important turning point in the growth of Brazil’s private Higher Education sector, one that is financed through private investors and public institutions. In support of this educational movement, the federal government established a new policy in 1996 to liberalize the Higher Education sector, known as the ''Foundations and Guidelines for National Education law (lei 9.394)''.〔http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Brazil.pdf〕 Under this reformed system, Higher Education institutions could begin functioning as for-profit entities. Private Higher Education institutions had existed since the 1600s, but most were affiliated with the Catholic Church or were non-profit in nature.〔McCowan, T. 2004. The growth of private higher education in Brazil: implications for equity and quality. Journal of Education Policy, 19(4), 452-472.〕 This new policy paved the way for private enterprises to begin offering Higher Education degrees on a mass scale. Nowadays, the Brazilian university system reflects world standards and some of Brazil's universities appear among the 200 best in the world. The University of Sao Paulo (USP), for example, is considered the best university in Ibero-America. 〔http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2012〕 In the 2012 SIR World Report from the SCImago Institutions Rankings, USP was ranked 11th in the world.〔http://scimagoir.com/ SIR - SCImago Institutions Rankings〕 Other Ranking systems show similar results: the 2012 University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) ranked USP 28th in the world,〔http://www.urapcenter.org/2012/world.php?q=MS0yNTA=〕 and in the Times Higher Education report, "Top Universities by Reputation 2012", ranked USP among the top 70 universities in the world.〔http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-2012/reputation-rankings.html〕 In the 2012 QS World University Rankings, under Rankings of universities in Brazil, the University of Campinas and the University of Rio de Janeiro were ranked 228 and 333 in the world, respectively. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Universities and higher education in Brazil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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